Mutual Intercultural Relations among University Students in Canada
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v27i1.372Keywords:
Adaptation, Intercultural relations, International students, Security, Study abroad, Education abroadAbstract
Over 304,000 international students studied in Canadian universities in 2013 (CIC, 2014). In addition to their academic success, one important feature of their stay in Canada is the quality of the intercultural relations, and the adaptations they make during their stay. The present study sought to understand the intercultural relations, acculturation and adaptation of both international students and Canadian students. Fifty-seven international (all from China) and 68 domestic students were drawn from several Canadian universities. Cluster analysis generated two clusters for international students (integration and diffuse) and two for Canadian students (multiculturalism and melting pot). International students in the integration cluster were more tolerant and better adapted than those in the diffuse cluster. Similarly, Canadian students in the multiculturalism cluster were also more tolerant and better adapted than those in the melting pot cluster. Implications of these findings for preparing international and Canadian students for their intercultural encounters were discussed.
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References
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Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. Inter-national Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23: 659–677.
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2008). Attitudes toward immigrants, immigration and multiculturalism in New Zealand: A social psychological analysis. International Migration Review 42: 222-243.
Zhang, N., & Dixon, D. N. (2003). Acculturation and attitudes of Asian international students toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31:205-222.
Berry, J. W. (1980). Acculturation as varieties of adaptation. In A. Padilla (Ed.), Accul-turation: Theory, models and some new findings (pp. 9–25). Boulder: Westview.
Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1): 5–34.
Berry, J.W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In K. Chun, P. Balls-Organista, & G. Marin (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement and application (pp. 17-37). Washington: APA Books.
Berry, J.W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29: 697-712.
Berry, J.W. (2013). Research on multiculturalism in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 37: 663–675.
Berry, J.W. (2015). Intercultural adaptation to acculturation. Paper presented to the Canadian Psychological Association, Ottawa, June.
Berry, J.W., & Kalin, R. (1995). Multicultural and ethnic attitudes in Canada: An over-view of the 1991 national survey. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 27: 301-320.
Berry, J.W., Kalin, R., & Taylor, D. (1977). Multiculturalism and ethnic attitudes in Canada. Ottawa, ON: Supply & Services.
Berry, J. W., Phinney, J. S., Sam, D. L., & Vedder, P. (2006). Immigrant youth: Accul-turation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55(3): 303–332.
Castillo, L.G., Conoley, C.W., & Brossart, D. F. (2004). Acculturation, white marginal-ization and family support as predictors of perceived distress in Mexican American Female College Students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51 (2): 151-157.
Chataway, C., & Berry, J.W. (1989). Acculturation experiences, appraisal, coping and adaptation: A comparison of Hong Kong Chinese, French and English students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 21: 295-309.
Chavajay, P., & Skowronek, J. (2008). Aspects of acculturation stress among interna-tional students attending a university in the USA. Psychological Reports, 103: 827-835.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (n.d.). Glossary: international student. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/helpcentre/glossary.asp#foreign_student
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2014). International students with a valid permit on December 31st by gender and age, 1994 to 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2013/temporary/4-1.asp#fig5
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2015). International students by top 50 countries of citizenship and sign year, 2004 to 2013. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2013/temporary/6-1.asp
Dao, T. K., Lee, D., & Chang, H. L. (2007). Acculturation level, perceived English flu-ency, perceived social support level, and depression among Taiwanese internation-al students. College Student Journal, 41(2): 287-295.
Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larson, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1): 71–75.
Esses, V.M., Hodson, G., & Dovidio, J.F. (2003). Public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: Determinants and policy implications. In C.M. Beach, A.G. Green, & J.G. Reitz (Eds.), Canadian immigration policy for the 21st century (pp. 507- 535). Montreal, Canada: McGill Queen's Press.
Gui, Y., Berry, J.W., & Zheng, Y. (2012). Migrant worker acculturation in China. In-ternational Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36: 598– 610.
Lebedeva, N. M., & Tatarko, A.N. (2013). Multiculturalism and immigration in post-Soviet Russia. European Psychologist, 18: 169-178.
Nguyen, A.-M. D., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2013). Biculturalism and adjustment: A me-ta analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44: 122-159.
Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psy-chological attitudes (pp. 17-59). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent child. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Uni-versity Press.
Safdar, S., Calvez, S., & Lewis, J.R. (2012). Multi-group analysis of the MIDA model: acculturation of Indian and Russian immigrants in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relation, 36(2): 200-212.
Safdar, S., Lay, C., & Struthers, W. (2003). The process of acculturation and basic goals: Testing a Multidimensional Individual Difference Acculturation Model with Iranian immigrants in Canada. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(4): 555-579.
Safdar, S., Struthers, W., & van Oudenhoven, J. P. (2009). Acculturation of Iranians in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40(3): 468-491.
Scott, C., Safdar, S., Desai Trilokekar, R., & El Masri, A. (2015). International Students as ‘Ideal Immigrants’ in Canada: A disconnect between policy makers’ assump-tions and the lived experiences of international students. Comparative and Interna-tional Education. Vol. 43(3), Article 5. Available at: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cie-eci/vol43/iss3/5
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1994). Acculturation Strategies, psychological adjustment, and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Jour-nal of Intercultural Relations, 18 (3): 329-343.
Ward, C., & Kennedy, A. (1999). The measurement of sociocultural adaptation. Inter-national Journal of Intercultural Relations, 23: 659–677.
Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2008). Attitudes toward immigrants, immigration and multiculturalism in New Zealand: A social psychological analysis. International Migration Review 42: 222-243.
Zhang, N., & Dixon, D. N. (2003). Acculturation and attitudes of Asian international students toward seeking psychological help. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 31:205-222.
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Published
2016-04-28
How to Cite
Gui, Y., Safdar, S., & Berry, J. (2016). Mutual Intercultural Relations among University Students in Canada. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 27(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v27i1.372
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Research Articles
